正:The university comprises fifteen departments and one affiliated middle school。
分析:compose一般以be composed of的结构出现;comprise是及物动词,其后可直接跟宾语。另外,consist of和be made up of均意为“由……组成”,前者用于主动语态,后者用于被动语态。
[例4] habit/custom习惯,风俗
误:Habit requires us to stand when the national anthem is played。
正:Custom requires us to stand when the national anthem is played。
分析:habit指“个人习惯”,custom指“民族、社会的风俗”。另外, habit,custom都有单、复数。但custom如果大写并且前面加定冠词时,意为“海关”(the Customs)。
2、介词的选择
介词在英语中有一个别称:“游弋词”。顾名思义,介词的用法很灵活。我们在平时的写作实践中,对介词的使用总是拿不准,不知道到底是用for还是用to,用in还是用at。与介词构成的词组更是不胜枚举,很容易记错。如:
[例1]in spite of, despite的使用
误:Despite of advanced years, he is learning to drive。
正:Despite advanced years, he is learning to drive。
分析:despite本身就是介词,后不用再加of;而in spite of是固定搭配,其后跟名词、代词或动名词,表示“不管、任凭、虽然”等意思。如果in spite of后需要跟从句的话,则需要在of后面加上the fact, the situation, the condition等词,后面跟一个同位语从句。如:In spite of the fact that he was seriously ill, he came to the meeting and delivered a good speech。
[例2]bring into, bring up for
误:The question of whether students should have more or fewer holidays was brought into discussion。
正:The question of whether students should have more or fewer holidays was brought up for discussion。
分析:bring into为非固定用法,词义随上下文而定;bring up意为“提出(讨论或促使注意)”,后接for表示注意的对象。再如bring up a matter for discussion(提出一件事供考虑)。
[例3]between, among, amidst
误:Luxemburg lies among Belgium, Germany and France。
正:Luxemburg lies between Belgium, Germany and France。
分析:among表示三个或三个以上的人或物之间的关系。但表示两个或两个以上的人或物之间的相互关系时,要用between,如:The bus runs between Yangzhou and Nanjing。
误:He stood firm among the temptations。
正: He stood firm amidst the temptations。
分析:between和among后接可数名词;amidst后可以接复数可数名词,也可以接表示质量、性质等的不可数名词。再如:They groped amidst the darkness。(他们在黑暗中摸索。)