1. 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2. 构成：关联词+简单句
3. 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
连接副词 where, when, how, why.
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2. 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we （should） start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
1. 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2. 构成：关联词+简单句
3. 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
（1）从属连词that. 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
Whether he'll come here isn,t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home —— my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。
1. 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词（obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.）+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组（no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.）+that从句。如：
It's a pity that we can,t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It's no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词（said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn't matter （makes no difference, etc.）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。如：
Whoever comes will be welcome. （whoever=the person who） 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. （whatever=the thing that） 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. （whichever=anyone of you who） 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
1. 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2. 构成：关联词+简单句
3. 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略）
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略）
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. （that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。）
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. （主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。）
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don't know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
连接副词 where, when, how, why.
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
I wonder what he's writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I'll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
I don't care （for） who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful （as to） how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
2.作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,连词that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
I'm afraid you don,t understand what I said.
I'm surprised that I didn,t see all that before.
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I don't think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don't believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
1. 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2. 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等,关联词多用从属连词that.如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
It is a question how he did it.
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. （同位语从句,that不可省。）
The news （that） he told me yesterday is true. （定语从句,that在从句中作told的宾语,可省。）
This is our only request that this （should） be settled as soon as possible.
A. 用适当的连接词填空：
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow？
6. —— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster？
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 单项选择：
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ——What are you anxious about？ —— .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ——What do you think of China？ —— different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1—5 CABBB 6—10 ACACD
（5）定语从句
（一）定义及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person （whom） you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy （whom） I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
The professor （whom） you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。
The girl （whom） the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。
The man （whom / who）you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen （which） he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
The film （which） they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4.That 指人时,相当于who 或whom；指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning？ 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时,常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow？
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow？
（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school （which / that） he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine （which / that） you asked for.
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。
This is the boy （whom / who / that） I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
We'll go to hear the famous singer （whom / who / that） we have often talked about.
We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
注意：1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch （which / that） I am looking for. （正） 这是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . （误）
The babies （whom / who / that） the nurse is looking after are very healthy. （正） 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that.关系代词是所有格时用whose.
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. （正） 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. （误）
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. （正）我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. （误）
3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止,他写了10部小说,其中3部是关于农村生活的。
（四）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People's Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？
2. where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy？ 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？
3. why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。
（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上
不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
用逗号“,”与主句隔开。
意义上
是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。
译法上
译成先行词的定语：“。。。的”
通常译成主句的并列句。
关系词的使用上
A.作宾语时可省略
A.不可省略
B.可用that
B.不用that
C.可用who 代替whom
C.不可用who 代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。
非限制性定语从句举例：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的, 现在正变得越来越强大。
Last summer I visited the People's Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天,我参观了人民大会堂,在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的,他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）
2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图,这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）
（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing （something 除外）, all, none, few, little, some等代词时,或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said？李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。
注意：当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。
2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
4.当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后,那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。
注意：当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who.如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。
5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate？ 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？ 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。
（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时, 其用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语,代表前面整个句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实, 这一点我们看得出来。
2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 约翰是个著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。
注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which.如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到,这使得老师很恼火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的,这使得这些桌子很重。
1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时,关系词常用as. 如：
I've never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。
注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时,偶尔也用 that引导定语从句,但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。
（三）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略。如：
The way （that / in which ） he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。
I don't like the way （that / in which） you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。
（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。
（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who don't）
（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1.定语从句修饰限定先行词,它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） 刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句） 他已经去世了,这个事实很明了。
2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分,关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导,在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导,这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了,这个消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. （定语从句） 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金,这个问题很难解决。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛,这个问题很难回答。
3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教,这个主意不错。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转,这个事实人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
（6）不定式的构成
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
主动式
被动式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing/
完成进行式
to have been doing/
1）不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2）不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it，but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3）不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：
It's nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4）不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5）动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6）疑问词+动词不定式：
不定式和疑问词whether，what，which，whom，where，when，how，why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell，know，show，decide，learn，wonder，explain，advise，teach，discuss，find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：
On hearing the news，he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
7）不定式的被动式：
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如：
It's a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher. 对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他们似乎对结果很满意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don't like our friends to be laughed at from time to time. 我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的语法作用
1）不定式作主语：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
It's good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2）不定式作表语：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
3）不定式作宾语：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way？ 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4）不定式作补语：
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to.如：
Who can help me （to） carry this heavy box？ 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？
②在make，let，have等使役动词和see，watch，notice，hear，feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to.
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7：00 p.m. every day. 他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
注意：get，leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to.如：
I'll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger？
你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？
注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to.如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry，today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③think，consider，believe，declare，suppose，find，imagine，know，understand，take，prove，feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think，consider，find后的to be常可省略。如：
When he woke up，she found herself （to be ） badly injured.
她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。
I thought her （to be） nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
④以be said，be reported，be known，seem，happen，prove，appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
5）不定式作定语：
不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：
①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt，decision，promise，plan，intention，failure，wish，determination等。如：
He hasn't kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability，anxiety，eagerness，ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
③序数词、形容词最高级或被only，last，next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person，man，thing，something，anything，nothing，time，way，reason，chance，courage，opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
⑤不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from，but I don't know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。
6）不定式作状语：
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order （not） to，so as （not） to结构。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun，Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注意：so as （not） to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to，enough…to，so…as to，such…as to，only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio？ 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy，glad，lucky，fortunate，surprised，angry，anxious，ready，quick，slow，cruel，clever，frightened，shocked，sorry，eager，proud，disappointed，foolish，impatient，unwise，naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
另外，hard，difficult，easy，fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
3. 不定式的复合结构
1）不定式复合结构的构成
不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。
但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：
It's expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。
It's careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
2）不定式复合结构的语法作用
不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：
It's necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：
That's for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。
For the test to be passed，the students should work harder than before.
为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。
I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。
1. 不定式不带to的规则：
前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
① 动词原形come，go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告诉他。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如：
Why spend so much money？ 为什么花这么多钱？
Why not let her have a try？ 为什么不再让她试一试？
③在had better（还是……最好），had best（最好，顶好），would rather（宁可，宁愿），would rather…than（宁可……而不……），would sooner（宁可，宁愿），would sooner…than（宁可……而不……），cannot but（不得不，必然），cannot choose but（只得），cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如：
You'd better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus，he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
One's world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
④在介词but，except之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to.如：
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to.如：
I'm afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。
⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：
I really don't know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2：00 p.m.？
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier，not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。
2. 动词不定式的省略问题：
上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：
①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to，used to，have to，ought to，be able to，be about to等+动词原形结构时：
——Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor？ 你认为我应该去看医生吗？
——Yes，I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
She must go but you don't have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
②含有动词want，decide，like，love，hope，wish，mean，refuse，try等+不定式作宾语结构时：
——Did you go to see the Great Wall？ 你去看长城了吗？
——I wanted to，but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
③含有动词如ask，tell，order，advise，persuade，warn，wish，permit，allow，forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时：
Don't do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
——May I use your car？ 我可以用你的汽车吗？
——No，I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy，glad，eager，anxious，willing，ready，pleased，afraid等+不定式作表语结构时：
——Will you lend me a hand？ 你能帮我一个忙吗？
——I'm willing to，but I can’t now. 我很愿意，但我现在不行。
——Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow？ 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
——I'll be glad to. 我很乐意。
3. 不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别：
动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况：
①不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：
Have you got a key to unlock the door？ 你有开门的钥匙吗？
②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。如：
Do you have anything to say on this question？ 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
④在There be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
注意下面两个句子的含义：
There is a lot of work to be done. （强调有许多事情必须做。）
There is nothing to be done. （强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：
句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important，possible，impossible，necessary，difficult，hard，reasonable等。
It's difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
It's reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind，silly，good，unwise，clever，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，rude，impolite，bold，thoughtful，honest，bad，sensible，naughty等。
It's kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。
It's silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。
5. 高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词：
能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要），like（喜欢），wish（希望），hate（憎恨，讨厌），prefer（宁愿），hope（希望），fail（失败），plan（计划），refuse（拒绝），ask（要求），continue（继续），manage（设法），try（尽力），offer（提供），start（开始），begin（开始），forget（忘记），remember（记得），promise（答应），mean（打算），pretend（假装），intend（想，打算），attempt（尝试，企图），decide（决定），learn（学会），desire（渴望，请求），agree（同意），care（关心，喜欢），choose（选择），determine（下决心），expect（期望），afford（负担得起，买得起）等。
能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel等；使役动词make，let，have 等；还有一般的动词如advise（建议），allow（允许），ask，beg（乞求），command（命令，指挥），tell（告诉），invite（邀请），force（强迫），oblige（强迫），get（致使），help（帮助），wish，want，like，hate，prefer，intend，expect，encourage（鼓励），persuade（说服），permit（允许，许可），remind（使想起，提醒），request（请求，要求），order（命令），warn（警告，提醒），cause（引起）等。
6. 高中阶段常见的不定式短语：
高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会），be about to do（即将做……），used to do（过去常常……），be glad to do（乐意做……），would like to do（想要做……），be likely to do（很可能做……），go all out to do something全力以赴，be supposed to do应该等。
高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说），to begin with（首先），to be brief（简言之），to make a long story short（长话短说），to be exact（精确地说），to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之），to be sure（诚然、固然），to do him justice（说句对他公道的话），so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。
To tell you the truth，I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。
To be frank，I don't agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
Ⅰ 选择填空：
1. I've heard him ______ about you often.
A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking
2. I went to see him，_______ him out.
A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding
3. He didn't know _______ or stay.
A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether to leave
4. ——Will the Smiths go abroad this summer？ ——No，they finally decided _______.
A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going
5. ——I usually go there by train. ——Why not _______ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
6. He pretended _______nothing about it.
A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew
7. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
8. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going
9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _______ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
11. The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
12. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
13. I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing
14. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth.
A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out
15. The matter had better _______ as it is.
A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left
16. He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked.
A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave
17. Almost everyone fails _______ the driving test on the first try.
A. passing B. to have passed C. to pass D. in passing
18. The girl was made _______ she didn't love at all.
A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man
19. The man will use what he has _______ a camera for his wife.
A. to get B. got C. buy D bought
20. .To answer correctly is more important than _______ .
A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick
21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job.
A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to
22. I felt it an honor _______ to speak here.
A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked
23. ——I'd like to buy an expensive camera.
——Well，we have several models _______ .
A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice
24. _______to the left and you'll see the post office.
A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn
25. Will you be able to attend the lecture next week？
A. giving B. given C. to be given D. being given
Ⅱ 句子改错：
1. I don't know if to help him or not.
2. She can't help cleaning the house because she’s busy making a cake.
3. We all hope you to make rapid progress.
4. The results of the research are to publish soon.
5. It is too heavy for me to lift it.
6. It's awfully good for you to come and meet us.
7. These are very good books for your children to be read.
8. He did what he could help me with my physics.
9. Let's find a place to put the things.
10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.
************************************：
I. 选择填空：
1——5 A C D C D 6——10 B A A B C
11——15 A C C B D 16——20 C C B A B
21——25 A C A D C
II. 句子改错：
1. if →whether 2. cleaning →to clean 3. hope →wish
4. publish →be published 5. lift it →lift 6. for →of
7. be read →read 8. help →to help 9. things →things in
10. going →to go
